Background: Malaria remains a major public health challenge in Sudan, disproportionately affecting rural and conflict-displaced populations with limited access to healthcare services. Climatic factors

Background and Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous condition with wide variation in clinical features, metabolic defects, and risk of complications. A refined classification based o

Background: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors (PCSK9i) are highly effective lipid-lowering agents that reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by enhancing LD

Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the standard surgical treatment for multi-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). Although EuroSCORE remains the principal perioperative risk strati

Introduction: Vulvar aesthetic alterations, such as sagging, hyperpigmentation, and loss of turgor, negatively impact the self-esteem and quality of life of many women. Fractional CO₂ laser has been p

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of hospitalization and lower-limb amputation. Wagner’s classification is widely used to guide

Introduction: Hearing loss may result from myringosclerosis and chronic tubotympanic otitis media. One frequent surgical method used to treat this issue is tympanoplasty. The purpose of this research

Study objective: This study seeks to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and to identify its determinants among adults with epilepsy in Congolese hospital settings, with the overarching goal of enhanci

Background: Maxillofacial injuries remain a serious clinical problem because of the sensitivity of this anatomical region. They are linked with various factors including social, cultural and environme

Background: Esophageal carcinoma is frequently associated with severe malnutrition due to mechanical obstruction and systemic inflammation, which significantly impairs tolerance to chemoradiotherapy.

Background: Kaposi’s sarcoma is an HIV-associated vascular neoplasm that can cause significant morbidity through cutaneous, lymphatic, and soft tissue involvement. Case presentation: A 51-year-old HIV

Introduction and objectives: Although technological innovations have resulted in a higher stone-free rates in retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) either by dusting or fragmentation, stone retrieval i

Background: Organ transplantation is a life-saving treatment for patients with end-stage organ failure. Despite its importance, India faces a critical shortage of organs, with a donation rate of only

Background: Inappropriately prescribed antibiotics in pediatric outpatient care remain one of the most significant global drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Diagnostic uncertainty, excessive treatme

Background: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with most cases diagnosed at advanced stages. In non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), inflammation plays a criti