Background: Caudal epidural block is widely used for infraumbilical surgeries in children, but the duration of single-shot bupivacaine is limited. Tramadol as an adjuvant has been investigated to prol

Background: Caudal epidural analgesia is a widely used regional technique for pediatric infraumbilical surgeries. To enhance the duration and quality of analgesia, adjuvants like ketamine and midazola

Background: Advancements in pediatric anesthesia and pain management have made pediatric surgery safer. Caudal epidural analgesia is a common postoperative technique in children, offering benefits ove