Background: Anesthesiologists frequently utilize various local anesthetics for intrathecal administration, including isobaric or hyperbaric formulations of ropivacaine, levobupivacaine, and bupivacain

Background: Caudal epidural analgesia is a widely used regional technique for pediatric infraumbilical surgeries. To enhance the duration and quality of analgesia, adjuvants like ketamine and midazola

Background: Advancements in pediatric anesthesia and pain management have made pediatric surgery safer. Caudal epidural analgesia is a common postoperative technique in children, offering benefits ove