Background Septic shock remains a major cause of intensive care unit mortality despite advances in critical care management. Early identification of patients at high risk of adverse outcomes is essen

Introduction: Assessment of the level of consciousness is essential for prognostic stratification in comatose patients. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is widely used but has recognized limitations. The

Background: Sepsis is a significant global health issue and a predominant cause of death in ICU patients. Traditionally, serum lactate and albumin have been utilized as prognostic biomarkers. However,

Acute pancreatitis is a leading emergency admission worldwide and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Early risk stratification is critical to guiding therapeutic interventions. Th

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 20201. COVID-19 severity is linked to cytokine storm driven by IL-6 and ele

Background: Hemodynamic instability is a life-threatening condition frequently encountered in emergency departments, requiring rapid assessment and management. Blood lactate level has emerged as a key