Background: Ischemic stroke, a major global health concern, is often caused by carotid artery stenosis resulting from atherosclerotic plaque formation. Carotid Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasiv

Atherosclerosis was found in humans who lived thousands years ago. Paleopathologist Marc Armand Ruffer (1859-1917) identified atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta as well as in several large arteries