Introduction
Social media (SM) has evolved into a dominant communication platform, particularly among young people under the age of 45 [1]. It encompasses interactive tools like social networking sites, blogs, and content-sharing platforms that allow user-generated content, distinguishing it from traditional media [1]. This shift from a monologue to a dialogue-based model of information exchange presents new opportunities for health communication, including the potential for health professionals to disseminate information and for peers to offer support [2].
The means of seeking and sharing health information have transformed significantly [2]. For sexual and reproductive health (SRH), a critical area for adolescents and young adults, SM offers anonymity and ease of access, which can be advantageous for discussing sensitive topics often stigmatized in traditional settings [3][4]. Young people globally bear a high burden of SRH challenges, including HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and unplanned pregnancies [5][6]. In many settings, including Nigeria, formal SRH education in institutions remains limited or censored [7], potentially driving youth to seek information from alternative sources like SM.
However, the use of SM for health information is not without risks. The lack of regulation can lead to misinformation, and excessive or unguided use may have negative consequences [8]. In Nigeria, with high internet and mobile phone penetration among youth, the link between SM and SRH behaviour is pronounced [9].
While existing studies have explored SM use broadly, there is a paucity of context-specific research on its role in SRH information-seeking among tertiary students in Northern Nigeria. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the predictors, patterns, barriers, and facilitators of SM use for SRH information among tertiary institution students in Bauchi State, Nigeria.
Methods
Study Design and Area
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Bauchi State, North-East Nigeria. The state hosts several federal, state, and private tertiary institutions. The study sites included Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi State University Gadau (BASUG), Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic, and the College of Education, Kangare.
Study Population and Sampling
The study population comprised students of the selected tertiary institutions. Students who were too sick or absent during data collection were excluded. The minimum sample size was calculated as 384 using the formula for single proportions, with a 52% awareness rate from a previous study [10], a 95% confidence level, and a 5% margin of error. After adding 10% for non-response, a sample size of 423 was used.
A multistage sampling technique was employed. Four institutions (25% of 16) were purposively selected. From each, 25% of faculties were selected, followed by 25% of departments within those faculties. Finally, respondents were selected from the sampled departments using systematic random sampling.
Data Collection and Instrument
Quantitative data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire adapted from previous studies [10]. The questionnaire covered five sections: (A) socio-demographic characteristics, (B) knowledge of SM as an SRH source, (C) use of SM for SRH information, (D) SM as a source of SRH-seeking behaviour, and (E) the relationship between SM use and SRH-seeking behaviour.
Data Management and Analysis
Data were cleaned, entered into Microsoft Excel, and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20.0 Descriptive statistics were presented using frequencies and percentages. Knowledge was scored on a 10-point scale and categorized as good (6-10) or poor (0-5). The Chi-square test was used to determine associations between variables, with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Variables significant at p ≤ 0.10 in bivariate analysis were entered into a binary logistic regression model to identify independent predictors.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical approval was obtained from the Bauchi State Research Ethical Committee. Permission was also sought from the heads of the respective institutions. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was maintained throughout the study.
Results
Socio-demographic Characteristics
A total of 407 valid responses were retrieved from 423 distributed questionnaires, giving a 96.2% response rate. The mean age was 23.60 ± 4.90 years, with 68.3% aged 15-24 years. There were more males (64.1%) than females (35.9%). Most respondents were from universities (46.4%), followed by polytechnics (35.6%). The largest departmental representation was from Engineering (35.6%), and the majority were undergraduate students (41.3%) (Table 1).
| Variables | Frequency | Percentage |
| Age Group (years) | ||
| 15 – 24 | 278 | 68.3 |
| 25 – 34 | 113 | 27.8 |
| 35 – 44 | 14 | 3.4 |
| 45 – 54 | 2 | 0.5 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 261 | 64.1 |
| Female | 146 | 35.9 |
| Type of Institution | ||
| University | 189 | 46.4 |
| Polytechnic | 145 | 35.6 |
| College of Education | 73 | 18.0 |
| Department | ||
| Engineering | 145 | 35.6 |
| Economics | 91 | 22.4 |
| English/Social Studies | 73 | 17.9 |
| Vocational Training Ed. | 56 | 13.8 |
| Biological Sciences | 42 | 10.3 |
| Programme | ||
| Undergraduate | 168 | 41.3 |
| ND | 82 | 20.1 |
| HND | 63 | 15.5 |
| NCE | 46 | 11.3 |
| Certificate | 27 | 6.6 |
| Postgraduate | 21 | 5.2 |
Knowledge of Social Media for SRH Information
Most respondents (83.2%) had good knowledge of using SM for RH information. The primary RH topics sought via SM were: methods to avoid STIs (40.1%), general sex education (33.0%), abstinence from premarital sex (24.5%), and avoidance of sexual abuse (25.1%). The main reasons for preferring SM were its perceived wealth of information (37.8%) and the privacy it offers (28.9%).
| Variables | Frequency | Percentage |
| Knowledge Level | ||
| Good (6–10) | 339 | 83.2 |
| Poor (0–5) | 68 | 16.8 |
| Indicate the RHI you have looked up or would enquire on social media: | ||
| How to abstain from premarital sex? | ||
| Yes | 83 | 24.5 |
| No | 256 | 75.5 |
| How to avoid contracting STDs? | ||
| Yes | 136 | 40.1 |
| No | 203 | 59.9 |
| How to identify signs of STI? | ||
| Yes | 95 | 28.0 |
| No | 244 | 72.0 |
| Health effects of female circumcision? | ||
| Yes | 49 | 14.5 |
| No | 290 | 85.5 |
| Different methods of pregnancy prevention? | ||
| Yes | 72 | 21.2 |
| No | 267 | 78.8 |
| Sexual abuse: | ||
| Yes | 85 | 25.1 |
| No | 254 | 74.9 |
| How to maintain sexual hygiene: | ||
| Yes | 82 | 24.2 |
| No | 257 | 75.8 |
| General sex education? | ||
| Yes | 112 | 33.0 |
| No | 227 | 67.0 |
| Pornography display? | ||
| Yes | 27 | 8.0 |
| No | 312 | 92.0 |
Barriers and Strategies Related to SM Use for RH
The most frequently cited barriers to using SM for RH information were poor internet connection (39.5%) and the high cost of data/devices (37.2%) (Table 3).
| Barriers | Frequency | Percentage |
| Poor social media connection | 134 | 39.5 |
| High cost of access tools | 126 | 37.2 |
| Parental restrictions | 88 | 26.0 |
| Limited device access | 83 | 24.5 |
| Ignorance of good SM sites | 43 | 12.7 |
| Ignorance of RH-seeking behaviour | 42 | 12.4 |
| Poor typing/search skills | 28 | 8.3 |
Correspondingly, the top suggested strategies to enhance use were improved internet connection (45.4%) and reduced access costs (29.5%) (Table 4).
| Strategies | Frequency | Percentage |
| Improved SM connection | 154 | 45.4 |
| Acquisition of info literacy skills | 103 | 30.4 |
| Reduction in SM access cost | 100 | 29.5 |
| Improved SM search skills | 89 | 26.3 |
| Ownership of personal device | 85 | 25.1 |
| Enhanced computer skills | 83 | 24.5 |
| Less parental restriction | 76 | 22.4 |
Predictors of SM Use for SRH Seeking Behaviour
Bivariate analysis showed significant associations (p<0.05) between SM use for SRH seeking behaviour and age group, type of institution, department, and type of programme (Table 4). After logistic regression analysis, age group and type of institution remained significant independent predictors.
Respondents in the younger age groups (15-24) were 5.5 times more likely to use SM for SRH information compared to older groups (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR=5.47, 95% CI: 2.10-14.21). University students were 8.8 times more likely to use SM for this purpose compared to their counterparts in other institutions (AOR=8.80, 95% CI: 2.00-38.73) (Table 5).
| Variables | P-value | Adjusted Odd Ratio | 95% CI for Adjusted Odd Ratio | |
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Age group | 0.000 | 5.467 | 2.103 | 14.213 |
| Type of Institution | 0.004 | 8.804 | 2.001 | 38.731 |
| Department | 0.099 | 0.726 | 0.496 | 1.062 |
| Type of programme | 0.813 | 0.919 | 0.457 | 1.850 |
Discussion
This study found that SM is a widely used and recognized source of RH information among tertiary students in Bauchi State, with over 80% demonstrating good knowledge of its use for this purpose. This high awareness aligns with the global trend of youth engagement with digital platforms [3][11]. The preference for SM was driven by its informational breadth and privacy, underscoring its value as a confidential space for addressing sensitive SRH topics often avoided in face-to-face interactions due to cultural stigma [4][12].
The SRH topics sought—STI prevention, sex education, and abstinence—reflect the core concerns of this demographic. However, the lower reporting for topics like the health effects of female circumcision (14.5%) may indicate cultural sensitivities or a gap in available content [13]. The significant use of SM for "general sex education" may also serve as an umbrella term for those reluctant to specify precise needs, a behaviour noted in settings where adolescent sexuality is problematized [12].
Key barriers were infrastructural: poor internet connectivity and high access costs. This highlights a critical digital divide that limits the potential of SM as a health tool in this region, consistent with challenges noted in other low-resource settings [14]. The suggested strategies centred on mitigating these same barriers, emphasizing that improving physical and financial access is paramount.
The study identified younger age and being a university student as strong predictors of SM use for SRH information. The age finding is consistent with global patterns of digital adoption [1][3]. The institutional effect may be related to differences in curriculum exposure, peer networks, or access to resources between university and non-university tertiary students.
A notable limitation was the hesitancy of some respondents, particularly females, to answer sensitive questions, potentially leading to social desirability bias. The cross-sectional design also limits causal inference. Furthermore, the findings are specific to Bauchi State and may not be generalizable to all Nigerian tertiary students.
Conclusion
Social media serves as a major, valued resource for RH information among tertiary students in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Its use is predicted by younger age and enrolment in a university. However, its effectiveness is hampered primarily by poor internet connectivity and the high cost of access.
Recommendations
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Tertiary institutions and policymakers should collaborate with telecommunication companies to improve internet infrastructure on campuses and explore subsidized data plans for students.
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Institutions should integrate comprehensive digital and health literacy training into orientation or general studies programs to enhance students' skills in finding and evaluating online RH information.
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Health promotion units within institutions should establish confidential, SM-based counselling services (e.g., via dedicated WhatsApp lines or Telegram bots) to provide accurate SRH information and referrals.
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SRH educational programs on campus should be expanded to cover crucial topics like STI prevention, sexual hygiene, consent, and gender-based violence, complementing the information students seek online.
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Future research should employ qualitative methods to gain deeper insights into the motivations, perceptions, and quality of information obtained through SM by this population.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical approval was obtained from the Bauchi State Research Ethical Committee. Permission was also obtained from the heads of the respective institutions. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was maintained throughout the study.
Consent for publication
Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants.
Conflict of Interests
None
Funding Statement
None
Authors' Contribution
All authors have made an equal contribution.
Acknowledgments
None