Role of Rwandan Local Governments and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) in Karongi's Environmental Sustainability

Uwituze Solange; Washington Chari; Sinabubaraga Emmanuel

doi:10.18535/sshj.v9i12.2065

Abstract

This study examines the collaboration between local governments and Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) in promoting sustainable environmental practices in Karongi District, Rwanda. Using stakeholder theory and a qualitative approach involving interviews, Focus Groups (FGs), and document analysis, the study evaluated forest conservation, water management, and waste reduction initiatives. Participants included government officials, CBO representatives, community leaders, and program beneficiaries. Findings reveal that local governments enforce regulations and community programs, while CBOs enhance capacity, awareness, and resource mobilization. Challenges include limited funding, technical skills, climate change, land pressure, and low participation. Strengthened collaboration and policy support are vital for advancing environmental sustainability.

Keywords

Organizational PoliticsCounterproductive Work BehaviorsResilienceTransformational LeadershipIntervention Model

References

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Yang, Y., Shen, L., & Wang, B. (2022). How is the precipitation distributed vertically in arid mountain region of Northwest China?. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 32(2), 241-258.Google Scholar ↗
Du, J., Zhu, X., Li, X., & Ünal, E. (2024). What drives the green development behavior of local governments? A perspective of grounded theory. Heliyon, 10(6).Google Scholar ↗
Echezu, B. C., & Patrick, J. M. (2022). Community-Based Organisations’ Collaboration in Promoting Sustainable Peace in Communities in Rivers State, Nigeria. NIU Journal of Social Sciences, 8(4), 165-172.Google Scholar ↗
Ewane, E. B. (2024). Understanding community participation in tree planting and management in deforested areas in Cameroon’s Western Highlands. Environmental Management, 73(1), 274-291.Google Scholar ↗
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Lawan, B. Assessing the Effectiveness of Citizens Engagement Initiative in Local Government Decission Making Process in Bursari Local Government Area, Yobe State, Nigeria.Google Scholar ↗
Li, C., Yang, M., Li, Z., & Wang, B. (2021). How will Rwandan land use/land cover change under high population pressure and changing climate?. Applied sciences, 11(12), 5376.Google Scholar ↗
Mahajan, R., Lim, W. M., Sareen, M., Kumar, S., & Panwar, R. (2023). Stakeholder theory. Journal of Business Research, 166, 114104.Google Scholar ↗
Martin, M. A., Echeverria, J., Wilkins, D., Navalpakkam, P., Battalio, S., Jacobs, J., ... & Spring, B. (2025). How Community-Based Organizations View and Use Data: Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 36(2), 458-479.Google Scholar ↗
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Desi, N., Sabri, M., Karim, A., Gonibala, R., & Wekke, I. S. (2021). Environmental conservation education: Theory, model, and practice. Psychology and Education Journal, 58(3), 1149-1162.Google Scholar ↗
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Neglo, K. A. W., Gebrekidan, T., & Lyu, K. (2021). Determinants of participation in non-farm activities and its effect on household income: An empirical study in Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 13(1), 72-92.Google Scholar ↗
Nkhabu, M. F. (2021). The role of local government in the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals: A case of Tshwane Municipality (Master's thesis, University of Pretoria (South Africa)).Google Scholar ↗
Oyetunde-Usman, Z., Olagunju, K. O., & Ogunpaimo, O. R. (2021). Determinants of adoption of multiple sustainable agricultural practices among smallholder farmers in Nigeria. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 9(2), 241-248.Google Scholar ↗
Pudjiastuti, S. R. (2021). Global issues of environmental law enforcement impacts on sustainable development. Jhss (journal of humanities and social studies), 5(1), 56-62.Google Scholar ↗
Radeny, M. A., Amwata, D., Hunt, S., Mungai, C., Tumbo, M., Eshetu, Z., ... & Solomon, D. (2022). Review of Policies and Frameworks on Climate Change, Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Security in Eastern Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. AICCRA Working Paper.Google Scholar ↗
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Sathasivam, K., Abu Bakar, R., & Che Hashim, R. (2021). Embracing organisational environmental sustainability: Experiences in green human resource management. Business Strategy & Development, 4(2), 123-135.Google Scholar ↗
Sauer, T. J., Dold, C., Ashworth, A. J., Nieman, C. C., Hernandez-Ramirez, G., Philipp, D., & Chendev, Y. G. (2021). Agroforestry practices for soil conservation and resilient agriculture. Agroforestry and ecosystem services, 19-48.Google Scholar ↗
Seppelt, R., Klotz, S., Peiter, E., & Volk, M. (2022). Agriculture and food security under a changing climate: An underestimated challenge. Iscience, 25(12).Google Scholar ↗
Sunday, F. X., Uwineza, Y., Ndahayo, E., Ishimwe, I. P., Rajeswaran, L., & Umugwaneza, M. (2024). Exploring Crop Choices: Benefits, Challenges, and Rationale Among Rwandan Farmers. Journal of Agricultural Science, 16(5), 16-31.Google Scholar ↗
TAFIPRIOS, T., FAJRIN, N. K., ALI, A. J., & SOELTON, M. (2022, December). Community Awareness With Environmentally Friendly Packaging. In ICCD (Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 29-33).Google Scholar ↗
Veress, T., Kiss, G., & Neulinger, A. (2024). The roles of community‐based organizations in socializing sustainable behavior: Examining the urban case of Budapest, Hungary. Environmental Policy and Governance, 34(2), 166-179.Google Scholar ↗
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Government of Rwanda. (2022, May). Downscaled climate projections for national adaptation plan in Rwanda: Technical report.Google Scholar ↗
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[refR-1] Budihardjo, M. A., Ardiansyah, S. Y., & Ramadan, B. S. (2022). Community-driven material recovery facility (CdMRF) for sustainable economic incentives of waste management: Evidence from Semarang City, Indonesia. Habitat International, 119, 102488.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-2] Clay, N. (2018). Agro-environmental transitions in African mountains: Shifting socio-spatial practices amid state-led commercialization in Rwanda. In Mountains: Physical, Human-Environmental, and Sociocultural Dynamics (pp. 124-134). Routledge.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-3] Copsey, O., Kubwimana, J. P., Kanyamibwa, S., Nshimiyimana, B., Maniraho, J. F., & Ishimwe, M. E. (2024). Climate action to enable quality education: exploring the potential of Eco-Schools to reverse the triple education crises in Rwanda. Global Social Challenges Journal, 1(aop), 1-23.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-4] Doucet, T. C., Duinker, P. N., Zurba, M., Steenberg, J. W., & Charles, J. D. (2024). Perspectives of successes and challenges in collaborations between non-governmental organization and local government on urban forest management. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 93, 128220.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-5] Yang, Y., Shen, L., & Wang, B. (2022). How is the precipitation distributed vertically in arid mountain region of Northwest China?. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 32(2), 241-258.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-6] Du, J., Zhu, X., Li, X., & Ünal, E. (2024). What drives the green development behavior of local governments? A perspective of grounded theory. Heliyon, 10(6).Google Scholar ↗

[refR-7] Echezu, B. C., & Patrick, J. M. (2022). Community-Based Organisations’ Collaboration in Promoting Sustainable Peace in Communities in Rivers State, Nigeria. NIU Journal of Social Sciences, 8(4), 165-172.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-8] Ewane, E. B. (2024). Understanding community participation in tree planting and management in deforested areas in Cameroon’s Western Highlands. Environmental Management, 73(1), 274-291.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-9] Freeman, R. E., Dmytriyev, S. D., & Phillips, R. A. (2021). Stakeholder theory and the resource-based view of the firm. Journal of management, 47(7), 1757-1770.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-10] Gamage, A., Gangahagedara, R., Gamage, J., Jayasinghe, N., Kodikara, N., Suraweera, P., & Merah, O. (2023). Role of organic farming for achieving sustainability in agriculture. Farming System, 1(1), 100005.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-11] Rafique, Z., & Khoo, S. L. (2018). Role of community-based organizations (CBOs) in promoting citizen participation: A survey study of local government institutions of Punjab, Pakistan. International journal of sociology and social policy, 38(3/4), 242-258.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-12] Hansen, J., Kagabo, D., Clarkson, G., Furlow, J., & Fiondella, F. (2021). Climate Services for Agriculture: Empowering Farmers to Manage Risk and Adapt to a Changing Climate in Rwanda (Final Project Report).Google Scholar ↗

[refR-13] Hegab, H., Shaban, I., Jamil, M., & Khanna, N. (2023). Toward sustainable future: Strategies, indicators, and challenges for implementing sustainable production systems. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 36, e00617.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-14] Hörisch, J., Freeman, R. E., & Schaltegger, S. (2014). Applying stakeholder theory in sustainability management: Links, similarities, dissimilarities, and a conceptual framework. Organization & environment, 27(4), 328-346.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-15] Ibones, K. A., Enero, J. V., Jore, J. S., Mamhot, V. I., Matheu, C. M., Pacaldo, H. B. B., & Jardin, R. A. (2024). Enabling role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in local environmental management in the Philippines: A systematic review. Journal of Civil Society, 20(4), 359-379.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-16] Iradukunda, P., Mwanaumo, E. M., & Kabika, J. (2024). Modelling the future climate impacts on hydraulic infrastructure development in tropical (peri-) urban region: Case of Kigali, Rwanda. Heliyon, 10(5).Google Scholar ↗

[refR-17] Kabera, T., & Mutavu, G. (2023). Evaluation of the effectiveness of environmental impact assessment in East Africa: The case of Rwanda. Environmental Quality Management, 32(4), 83-91.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-18] Fahad, S., Chavan, S. B., Chichaghare, A. R., Uthappa, A. R., Kumar, M., Kakade, V., ... & Poczai, P. (2022). Agroforestry systems for soil health improvement and maintenance. Sustainability, 14(22), 14877.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-19] Crossley, R. M., Elmagrhi, M. H., & Ntim, C. G. (2021). Sustainability and legitimacy theory: The case of sustainable social and environmental practices of small and medium‐sized enterprises. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(8), 3740-3762.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-20] Karongi District. (2023). Environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for construction of 54 classrooms and 60 latrines under Quality Basic Education for Human Capital Development (QBEHCD) project in Karongi District: Final report. Ministry of Education, Rwanda.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-21] Kim, G., Kim, J., Ko, Y., Eyman, O. T. G., Chowdhury, S., Adiwal, J., ... & Son, Y. (2021). How do nature-based solutions improve environmental and socio-economic resilience to achieve the sustainable development goals? Reforestation and afforestation cases from the Republic of Korea. Sustainability, 13(21), 12171.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-22] Lawan, B. Assessing the Effectiveness of Citizens Engagement Initiative in Local Government Decission Making Process in Bursari Local Government Area, Yobe State, Nigeria.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-23] Li, C., Yang, M., Li, Z., & Wang, B. (2021). How will Rwandan land use/land cover change under high population pressure and changing climate?. Applied sciences, 11(12), 5376.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-24] Mahajan, R., Lim, W. M., Sareen, M., Kumar, S., & Panwar, R. (2023). Stakeholder theory. Journal of Business Research, 166, 114104.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-25] Martin, M. A., Echeverria, J., Wilkins, D., Navalpakkam, P., Battalio, S., Jacobs, J., ... & Spring, B. (2025). How Community-Based Organizations View and Use Data: Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 36(2), 458-479.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-26] Doucet, T. C., Duinker, P. N., Zurba, M., Steenberg, J. W., & Charles, J. D. (2024). Perspectives of successes and challenges in collaborations between non-governmental organization and local government on urban forest management. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 93, 128220.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-27] Desi, N., Sabri, M., Karim, A., Gonibala, R., & Wekke, I. S. (2021). Environmental conservation education: Theory, model, and practice. Psychology and Education Journal, 58(3), 1149-1162.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-28] Mughal, N., Zhang, M., Zhu, W., & Muda, I. (2024). Eco-Innovation and Fiscal Decentralisation: Pathways to Reducing CO2 Emissions in BRICS Economies. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-27.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-29] National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. (2022). Fifth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2022. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-30] Neglo, K. A. W., Gebrekidan, T., & Lyu, K. (2021). Determinants of participation in non-farm activities and its effect on household income: An empirical study in Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 13(1), 72-92.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-31] Nkhabu, M. F. (2021). The role of local government in the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals: A case of Tshwane Municipality (Master's thesis, University of Pretoria (South Africa)).Google Scholar ↗

[refR-32] Oyetunde-Usman, Z., Olagunju, K. O., & Ogunpaimo, O. R. (2021). Determinants of adoption of multiple sustainable agricultural practices among smallholder farmers in Nigeria. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 9(2), 241-248.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-33] Pudjiastuti, S. R. (2021). Global issues of environmental law enforcement impacts on sustainable development. Jhss (journal of humanities and social studies), 5(1), 56-62.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-34] Radeny, M. A., Amwata, D., Hunt, S., Mungai, C., Tumbo, M., Eshetu, Z., ... & Solomon, D. (2022). Review of Policies and Frameworks on Climate Change, Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Security in Eastern Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. AICCRA Working Paper.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-35] Rahman, M. M., Sifullah, M. K., & Sohel, M. S. (2024). Role of NGOs in Enhancing Community Resilience: A Study on Three Climate Hotspots in Bangladesh. DIU Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 11(1), 60-75.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-36] Raihan, A., Muhtasim, D. A., Farhana, S., Pavel, M. I., Faruk, O., Rahman, M., & Mahmood, A. (2022). Nexus between carbon emissions, economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, technological innovation, and forest area towards achieving environmental sustainability in Bangladesh. Energy and Climate Change, 3, 100080.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-37] Rumbayan, M., Kindangen, J., Sambul, A., Sompie, S., & Cross, J. (2025). Solar energy implementation in rural communities and its contributions to SDGs: A systematic literature review. Unconventional Resources, 100180.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-38] Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA). (2018). Assessment of climate change vulnerability in Rwanda.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-39] Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA). (2019). Environmental and social management plan (ESMP) final report.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-40] Rwanda Green Fund. (2017). Improve livelihoods of 854 vulnerable households in Gahabwa and Nyamuhebe villages [Tweet]. X. https://twitter.com/GreenFundRw/status/[Insert-Tweet-ID]Google Scholar ↗

[refR-41] Rwanda Red Cross Society (RRCS). (2023). DREF operation: Rwanda - Floods and landslides, 6th May. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).Google Scholar ↗

[refR-42] Sachdeva, S., & Zhao, J. (2021). Distinct impacts of financial scarcity and natural resource scarcity on sustainable choices and motivations. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20(2), 203-217.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-43] Sathasivam, K., Abu Bakar, R., & Che Hashim, R. (2021). Embracing organisational environmental sustainability: Experiences in green human resource management. Business Strategy & Development, 4(2), 123-135.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-44] Sauer, T. J., Dold, C., Ashworth, A. J., Nieman, C. C., Hernandez-Ramirez, G., Philipp, D., & Chendev, Y. G. (2021). Agroforestry practices for soil conservation and resilient agriculture. Agroforestry and ecosystem services, 19-48.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-45] Seppelt, R., Klotz, S., Peiter, E., & Volk, M. (2022). Agriculture and food security under a changing climate: An underestimated challenge. Iscience, 25(12).Google Scholar ↗

[refR-46] Sunday, F. X., Uwineza, Y., Ndahayo, E., Ishimwe, I. P., Rajeswaran, L., & Umugwaneza, M. (2024). Exploring Crop Choices: Benefits, Challenges, and Rationale Among Rwandan Farmers. Journal of Agricultural Science, 16(5), 16-31.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-47] TAFIPRIOS, T., FAJRIN, N. K., ALI, A. J., & SOELTON, M. (2022, December). Community Awareness With Environmentally Friendly Packaging. In ICCD (Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 29-33).Google Scholar ↗

[refR-48] Veress, T., Kiss, G., & Neulinger, A. (2024). The roles of community‐based organizations in socializing sustainable behavior: Examining the urban case of Budapest, Hungary. Environmental Policy and Governance, 34(2), 166-179.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-49] World Bank Group. (2021). Climate risk country profile: Rwanda. Washington, DC: The World Bank GroupGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-50] Government of Rwanda. (2022, May). Downscaled climate projections for national adaptation plan in Rwanda: Technical report.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-51] Chowdhury, A. (2023, December). Role of Community-based organizations (CBO) in formalizing the informal E-waste dismantling sector of India: An Opinionated perspective. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1279, No. 1, p. 012026). IOP Publishing.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-52] Rwanda Green Fund. (2024, October 1). Funding approved for civil society organisations (CSOs) and local government entities (districts) for climate change adaptation initiatives.Google Scholar ↗