Bridging Restorative Justice and Fair Trial: Reconstruction of Closed Trials in the Indonesian Criminal Justice System

Zoya Haspita; Erna Dewi; A. Irzal Fardiansyah

doi:10.18535/sshj.v9i08.1961

Abstract

This study aims to formulate a selective closed trial model that allows for the implementation of restorative justice without violating the principle of openness. Restorative justice has become an alternative approach in the Indonesian criminal justice system that places victims at the center of recovery. However, the implementation of restorative justice faces challenges when confronted with the principle of openness in trials, a fundamental principle in national criminal procedure law. The method used in this study is normative juridical with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. By examining provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), the Supreme Court Regulation on Restorative Justice (PERMA RJ), and practices in other countries such as the United States and Canada, it is found that there is an urgency to establish a legal mechanism that gives judges limited authority to conditionally determine closed trials based on the consent of the parties and the principle of confidentiality. This reconstruction aims to realize a criminal justice system that is fairer, more participatory, and based on the humanitarian values of Pancasila and the mandate of the constitution.

Keywords

Restorative JusticeClosed TrialsCriminal Justice System.

References

Alfarisi, MS, Albi Ternando, Agus Irawan, Rahman Rahman, and Emir Adzan Syazali. "Implementation of Employment Contracts in Indonesia from the Perspective of the Civil Code (KUHper)." Legalitas: Journal of Law 15, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.33087/legalitas.v15i1.440.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Anam, Afdolul, and Masykurotus Syarifah. "RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AGAINST CRIMINAL ACTS OF ASSAULT THROUGH FAMILY MEDIATION (Case Study of Assault by Neighbors in Kemayoran Village, Bangkalan)." IQTISODINA: Journal of Sharia Economics and Islamic Law 6, no. 2 (2023): 75–82.Google Scholar ↗
Anggraeni, Dian Novitasari, Hary Abdul Hakim, Faculty of Law, and Muhammadiyah University of Magelang. "Comparison of Criminal Case Examination Models in Courts Between Indonesia and the United States." Borobudur Law and Society Journal 2, no. 2 (2023).Google Scholar ↗
Asra Rahmad, Riadi. Criminal Procedure Law. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2019.Google Scholar ↗
Audha, Emerald Magma. "Purification of Judicial Review in the Indonesian Constitutional System." Indonesian Legislation Journal 18, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v18i2.693.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Bailey, Monetta. "Challenging the Myth of Color Blindness in Restorative Justice Programs." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 10, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5204/IJCJSD.1857.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Beka. "Protection of the Right to Freedom of Religion and Belief in Indonesia." National Human Rights Commission, 2020.Google Scholar ↗
Butler, Siobhan, Giuseppe Maglione, and Jamie Buchan. “Institutionalising Restorative Justice for Adults in Scotland: An Empirical Study of Criminal Justice Practitioners’ Perspectives.” Criminology and Criminal Justice 24, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958221104229.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
D'Souza, Nikki, and Joanna Shapland. “The Exclusion of Serious and Organized Offenders and Their Victims from the Offer of Restorative Justice: Should This Be so and What Happens When the Offer Is Put on the Table?” Criminology and Criminal Justice 23, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958211021703.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Faried, Femmy Silaswaty, Hadi Mahmud, and Suparwi. “Mainstreaming Restorative Justice in Termination of Prosecution in Indonesia.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 2, no. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v2i1.31.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Fatmi Yurindra, Dita, Budi Sutrisno, and Septira Putri Mulyana. “Consumer Protection Regulations in Endorsement Agreements Between Endorsers and Endorsers.” Commerce Law 3, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.29303/commercelaw.v3i2.3538.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Galleguillos, Sebastián, and Ulda O. Figueroa. “Is It Part of My Job? Prosecution and Restorative Justice in Chile.” Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958231175994.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Goss, Ryan. “The Disappearing ‘Minimum Rights’ of Article 6 ECHR: The Unfortunate Legacy of Ibrahim and Beuze.” Human Rights Law Review 23, no. 4 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngad024.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Harré, Thomas. “Human Traffickers’ Fair Trial Rights and Transnational Criminal Law.” Anti-Trafficking Review 2022, no. 18 (2022). https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.2012221810.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Hiariej, Eddy O.S. Introduction to Indonesian Criminal Procedure Law. Criminal Procedure Law, 2020.Google Scholar ↗
Hidayat, Raihan Akbar, Beni Hidayat, and Ahmed Hedieloum Kodio. “How Could Judges Ignore the Audi Et Alteram Partem Principle in a Criminal Case Trial?” Supremacy of Law: Journal of Legal Studies 12, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.14421/sh.v12i1.2943.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Hilmi, Hafidz El, and Pudji Astuti. “Fulfilling the Principle of Public Access in Online Criminal Trials.” Jurnal Hukum 10, no. 7 (2022).Google Scholar ↗
Johnson, Naomi, Charles Beck, Alexa Cinque, Austin Segal, and Maya Simkin. Restorative Justice, Community, & the Courts: An Analysis of the Impact, Benefits, and Elements “Constantly in Conflict” in Chicago’s Restorative Justice Community Courts. Chicago Appleseed Center for Fair Courts and Chicago Council of Lawyers, 2024.Google Scholar ↗
Langford, Ian. “Fair Trial: The History of an Idea.” Journal of Human Rights 8, no. 1 (2009): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754830902765857.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Maglione, Giuseppe. "Restorative Justice, Crime Victims and Penal Welfarism. Mapping and Contextualising Restorative Justice Policy in Scotland." Social and Legal Studies 30, no. 5 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663920965669.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Legal Research: Revised Edition, 13th Ed. Prenadamedia. Vol. 151, 2017.Google Scholar ↗
Mwangi, Jacquelene W. “Request for Advisory Opinion by the Pan African Lawyers Union (Palu) on the Compatibility of Vagrancy Laws with the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and Other Human Rights Instruments Applicable in Africa, No. 001/2018.” American Journal of International Law 117, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2022.83.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Nascimento, Ana M., Joana Andrade, and Andreia de Castro Rodrigues. “The Psychological Impact of Restorative Justice Practices on Victims of Crimes—a Systematic Review.” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse,2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221082085.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Nazim, Misbah. “Legal Aid with Regard to the Right to Fair Trial in Pakistani and International Law: A Comparative Approach.” Scandic Journal Of Advanced Research And Review.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-1] Alfarisi, MS, Albi Ternando, Agus Irawan, Rahman Rahman, and Emir Adzan Syazali. "Implementation of Employment Contracts in Indonesia from the Perspective of the Civil Code (KUHper)." Legalitas: Journal of Law 15, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.33087/legalitas.v15i1.440.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-2] Anam, Afdolul, and Masykurotus Syarifah. "RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AGAINST CRIMINAL ACTS OF ASSAULT THROUGH FAMILY MEDIATION (Case Study of Assault by Neighbors in Kemayoran Village, Bangkalan)." IQTISODINA: Journal of Sharia Economics and Islamic Law 6, no. 2 (2023): 75–82.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-3] Anggraeni, Dian Novitasari, Hary Abdul Hakim, Faculty of Law, and Muhammadiyah University of Magelang. "Comparison of Criminal Case Examination Models in Courts Between Indonesia and the United States." Borobudur Law and Society Journal 2, no. 2 (2023).Google Scholar ↗

[refR-4] Asra Rahmad, Riadi. Criminal Procedure Law. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2019.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-5] Audha, Emerald Magma. "Purification of Judicial Review in the Indonesian Constitutional System." Indonesian Legislation Journal 18, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v18i2.693.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-6] Bailey, Monetta. "Challenging the Myth of Color Blindness in Restorative Justice Programs." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 10, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5204/IJCJSD.1857.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-7] Beka. "Protection of the Right to Freedom of Religion and Belief in Indonesia." National Human Rights Commission, 2020.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-8] Butler, Siobhan, Giuseppe Maglione, and Jamie Buchan. “Institutionalising Restorative Justice for Adults in Scotland: An Empirical Study of Criminal Justice Practitioners’ Perspectives.” Criminology and Criminal Justice 24, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958221104229.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-9] D'Souza, Nikki, and Joanna Shapland. “The Exclusion of Serious and Organized Offenders and Their Victims from the Offer of Restorative Justice: Should This Be so and What Happens When the Offer Is Put on the Table?” Criminology and Criminal Justice 23, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958211021703.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-10] Faried, Femmy Silaswaty, Hadi Mahmud, and Suparwi. “Mainstreaming Restorative Justice in Termination of Prosecution in Indonesia.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 2, no. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v2i1.31.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-11] Fatmi Yurindra, Dita, Budi Sutrisno, and Septira Putri Mulyana. “Consumer Protection Regulations in Endorsement Agreements Between Endorsers and Endorsers.” Commerce Law 3, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.29303/commercelaw.v3i2.3538.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-12] Galleguillos, Sebastián, and Ulda O. Figueroa. “Is It Part of My Job? Prosecution and Restorative Justice in Chile.” Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958231175994.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-13] Goss, Ryan. “The Disappearing ‘Minimum Rights’ of Article 6 ECHR: The Unfortunate Legacy of Ibrahim and Beuze.” Human Rights Law Review 23, no. 4 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngad024.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-14] Harré, Thomas. “Human Traffickers’ Fair Trial Rights and Transnational Criminal Law.” Anti-Trafficking Review 2022, no. 18 (2022). https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.2012221810.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-15] Hiariej, Eddy O.S. Introduction to Indonesian Criminal Procedure Law. Criminal Procedure Law, 2020.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-16] Hidayat, Raihan Akbar, Beni Hidayat, and Ahmed Hedieloum Kodio. “How Could Judges Ignore the Audi Et Alteram Partem Principle in a Criminal Case Trial?” Supremacy of Law: Journal of Legal Studies 12, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.14421/sh.v12i1.2943.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-17] Hilmi, Hafidz El, and Pudji Astuti. “Fulfilling the Principle of Public Access in Online Criminal Trials.” Jurnal Hukum 10, no. 7 (2022).Google Scholar ↗

[refR-18] Johnson, Naomi, Charles Beck, Alexa Cinque, Austin Segal, and Maya Simkin. Restorative Justice, Community, & the Courts: An Analysis of the Impact, Benefits, and Elements “Constantly in Conflict” in Chicago’s Restorative Justice Community Courts. Chicago Appleseed Center for Fair Courts and Chicago Council of Lawyers, 2024.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-19] Langford, Ian. “Fair Trial: The History of an Idea.” Journal of Human Rights 8, no. 1 (2009): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754830902765857.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-20] Maglione, Giuseppe. "Restorative Justice, Crime Victims and Penal Welfarism. Mapping and Contextualising Restorative Justice Policy in Scotland." Social and Legal Studies 30, no. 5 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663920965669.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-21] Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Legal Research: Revised Edition, 13th Ed. Prenadamedia. Vol. 151, 2017.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-22] Mwangi, Jacquelene W. “Request for Advisory Opinion by the Pan African Lawyers Union (Palu) on the Compatibility of Vagrancy Laws with the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and Other Human Rights Instruments Applicable in Africa, No. 001/2018.” American Journal of International Law 117, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2022.83.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-23] Nascimento, Ana M., Joana Andrade, and Andreia de Castro Rodrigues. “The Psychological Impact of Restorative Justice Practices on Victims of Crimes—a Systematic Review.” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse,2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221082085.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-24] Nazim, Misbah. “Legal Aid with Regard to the Right to Fair Trial in Pakistani and International Law: A Comparative Approach.” Scandic Journal Of Advanced Research And Review.Google Scholar ↗