Stakeholder Responses to Bali's Local Policies: Case Study of the Krama Bali Family Planning Program from a Population Policy Perspective

Eddy Kiswanto; Sukamdi; Hakimul Ikhwan; Umi Listyaningsih

doi:10.18535/sshj.v8i06.1164

Abstract

This study uses case study analysis and aims to investigate the policy direction of the Family Planning program at the central and regional levels as well as the response of stakeholders at the central and Bali levels to the Krama Bali family planning program. A total of 36 informants were successfully interviewed and selected purposively to represent various stakeholders. Bali was chosen as the study location considering that the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) was already low and the Krama Bali family planning policy was issued, which encouraging Balinese people to have up to 4 children. This is different from the central family planning target of two children. The study shows that the direction of population policy in Indonesia is to achieve SP (Stable Population) with TFR=2.1. Meanwhile, Bali has reached below 2.1, so it issued the Krama Bali family planning policy so that couples of childbearing ages can have up to 4 children. Responses from various interests at the national and local levels in Bali can be mapped into three types of responses. First, accepting the Krama Bali on the grounds of supporting local wisdom to maintain Balinese customs and culture and supported by regulations. Second, support the Krama Bali with the following conditions; that is, it must take into account the economic capacity of the community and the program is implemented without coercion. Third, reject the Krama Bali because regional programs must follow central policy and the value of small families is ingrained in Balinese society.

Keywords

Family PlanningTotal Fertility RateStakeholdersStable PopulationKrama Bali Family Planning

References

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Guttmacher Institute. (1979). Bali: Culture, Family Structure, Marriage Pattern All Contribute to the Success of Family Planning. International Family Planning Perspectives, Jun., 1979, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Jun., 1979), pp. 80-81.Google Scholar ↗
Hancock, Dawson R. and Bob Algozzine. (2006). Doing Case Study Research A Practical Guide for Beginning Researchers. Teachers College Press, 1234 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027Google Scholar ↗
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[refR-1] Adioetomo, Sri Moertiningih. (1981). Age at Marriage and Fertility in Java-Bali: A Question of Natural or Controlled Fertility. In Australian National University.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-2] Astawa, Ida Bagus, Soegeng Waloeyo and John E. Laing. (1975). Family Planning in Bali. Studies in Family Planning, Apr. 1975, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Apr. 1975), pp. 86-101. Population Council.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-3] BKKBN. (2020). Panduan Penyusunan Grand Design Pembangunan Kependudukan 5 Limar.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-4] Blackburn, Susan (2009). Women and the State in Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-5] Bunu, Helmuth Y. (2018). Resistensi Daerah Terhadap Program Keluarga Berencana. PIRAMIDA Vol. XIV No. 1 Juli 2018: 1 – 15.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-6] Cammack, Mark and Tim B. Heaton. (2001). Regional Variation in Acceptance of Indonesia's Family Planning Program. Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 20, No. 6 (Dec., 2001), pp. 565-585. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40230329Google Scholar ↗

[refR-7] Creswell, J. W. (2016). Research Design Pendekatan Metode Kualitatif Kuantitatif dan Campuran Edisi ke-4. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-8] Garvie, L. M. (2017). “The Disappearance of Nyoman and Ketut”. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection, 2620, 1-38.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-9] Guttmacher Institute. (1979). Bali: Culture, Family Structure, Marriage Pattern All Contribute to the Success of Family Planning. International Family Planning Perspectives, Jun., 1979, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Jun., 1979), pp. 80-81.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-10] Hancock, Dawson R. and Bob Algozzine. (2006). Doing Case Study Research A Practical Guide for Beginning Researchers. Teachers College Press, 1234 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027Google Scholar ↗

[refR-11] Hull, T. H. (2016). Indonesia's Fertility Levels, Trends and Determinants: Dilemmas of Analysis. In Christophe Z. Guilmoto and Gavin W. Jones (eds). Contemporary Demographic Transformations in China, India and Indonesia (Issue July). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 319-24783-0.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-12] Hull, Terence, V. J. Hull, and Singarimbun. (1977). Indonesia's Family Planning Story: Success and Challenge. Population Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 6 (November), pp. 1-52.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-13] Lewis, Gary L. and Haripurnomo. (2009). Planning in Indonesia A Strategy for Empirically Based Implementation. Jakarta: National Family Planning Coordinating Board.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-14] MacRae, Graeme. (2011). If Indonesia is Too Hard to Understand, Let's Start with Bali. Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(1), 11-36. https://doi.org/10.14203/jissh.v3i1.44DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-15] McNicoll, Geoffrey and Masri Singarimbun. (1983). Fertility Decline in Indonesia: Analysis and Interpretation. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1983.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-16] Molyneaux, John W. and Paul J. Gertler. (2000). The Impact of Targeted Family Planning Programs in Indonesia. Population and Development Review, 2000, Vol. 26, Supplement: Population and Economic Change in East Asia (2000), pp. 61-85.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-17] Nordholt, Henk Schulte. (2007). Bali An Open Fortress 1995-2005. NUS Press Singapore.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-18] Pascale, Richard, Jerry Sternin, and Monique Sternin. (2010). The Power of Positive Deviance: How Unlikely Innovators Solve the World’s Toughest Problems. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-19] Patton, Michael Quin. (2015). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods Fourth Edition. SAGE Publication.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-20] Pujaastawa, Ida Bagus Gde. (2019). Family Planning Program with Four Children Critical Studies on the New Family Planning Policy of Bali Governor. Proceedings the 5th International Conferences on Cultural Studies, Udayana University: Towards the Development of Trans-Disciplinary Research Collaboration in the Era of Global Disruption Thursday August 29th, 2019.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-21] Putri, Puri Kusuma Dwi, Aida Vitayala Hubeis, Sarwititi Sarwoprasodjo, and Basita Ginting. (2019). Institutionalization and Outcomes of the Family Planning Program: From the Era of Centralization to Decentralization. Journal of Kependudukan, 14(1), 1-12.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-22] Qibthiyyah, Riatu and Ariane J. Utomo. (2016). Family Matters: Demographic Change and Social Spending in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 52(2), 133-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2016.1211077.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-23] Samosir, Omas Bulan, Peter McDonald, Ariane Utomo, Terry Hull, Rina Herartri, Wisnu Fadila, Sopyan Masdar, and Sri Hartini Rachmad. (2018). Fertility Preferences in Indonesia. In Stuart Gietel-Basten, John Casterline, Minja Kim Choe (eds). Family Demography in Asia. Pp:138-152. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785363559.00014.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-24] Sarmita, I Made Sarmita. (2019). Wacana KB Krama Bali: Analisis Persepsi Warganet di Media Sosial (Facebook). Jurnal Kajian Bali Vol. 09, No. 02, Oktober 2019.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-25] Setyani, RA. (2019). Serba-Serbi Kesehatan Reproduksi Wanita dan Keluarga Berencana. Jakarta: Sahabat Alter IndonesiaGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-26] Shiffman, J., International, S., Planning, F., & Mar, N. (2004). Political Management in the Indonesian Family Planning Program. International Family Planning Perspectives, 30(1), 27–33.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-27] Sinquefield, Jeanne Cairns and Bambang Sungkono. (1979). Fertility and Family Planning in Java and Bali. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 5, No. 2 (June), pp.43-58.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-28] Smith, B. C. (1985). Decentralization the Territorial Dimension of the State. London Allen & Unwin.pdfGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-29] Sobotka, Tomáš, Anna Matysiak, and Zuzanna Brzozowska. (2019). Policy Responses to Low Fertility: How Effective Are They? Working Paper No.1. UNFPA.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-30] Spreitzer, G. M. and S. Sonenshein (2004). “Toward the Construct Definition of Positive Deviance.” American Behavioral Scientist47(6):828–847. doi:10.1177/0002764203260212.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-31] Sugiarto. (2017). Metodologi Penelitian Bisnis. Yogyakarta: Andi.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-32] Sukamdi. (2023). Revitalisasi Kebijakan Kependudukan di Indonesia. Pidato Pengukuhan Jabatan Guru Besar (Dalam Bidang Geografi Penduduk) Pada Fakultas Geografi Universitas Gadjah Mada.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-33] Sukeni, Ni Nyoman. (2018). Hegemoni Negara dan Resistensi Perempuan Dalam Pelaksanaan Program Keluarga Berencana di Kecamatan Tejakula Kabupaten Buleleng Bali. Disertasi Universitas Udayana.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-34] Taherdoost, H. (2021). Determination of Business Strategies Using SWOT Analysis; Planning and Managing the Organizational Resources to Enhance Growth and Profitability. Macro Management & Public Policies, 3(1), pp. 19–22. doi: 10.30564/mmpp. v3i1.2748.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-35] Tukiran, Pitoyo, Agus Joko dan Kutanegara, Pande Made, eds. (2010). Keluarga Berencana & Kesehatan Reproduksi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-36] Warami, Hugo. (2019). Keluarga Berencana Dalam Pandangan Orang Papua: Hegemoni Negara Dan Resistensi Orang Asli Papua. Perwakilan Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional Provinsi Papua Barat.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-37] Warwick, Donald P. (1988). Culture and the Management of Family Planning Programs. Studies in Family Planning, Jan. - Feb. 1988, Vol. 19, No. 1.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-38] Watt, P. A. (2006). Principles and Theories of Local Government. Economic Affairs 26 (1) pp. 4–8.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-39] Wilopo, S. A. (1994). Hasil Konferensi Kependudukan di Kairo: Implikasinya pada Program Kesehatan Reproduksi di Indonesia. Populasi, 5(2): 1-29.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-40] Withers, M., Browner, C., & Adinata, I. N. A. (2018). The Role of Balinese Culture in Explaining Inconsistencies Between Fertility Intentions and Reproductive Outcomes. In Global Perspectives on Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Across the Life Course (pp. 127-140). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60417-6.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-41] Yin, Robert K. (2016). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish (Second Edition). The Guilford Press. New York.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-42] Yuwanto (2016). Politik Demografi di Era Otonomi Daerah: Analisis Perkembangan Kelembagaan Program Keluarga Berencana di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Semarang: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Diponegoro.Google Scholar ↗